Irrational Decisions - A video blog

Have trouble making decisions? Me too. Economic theory on decision making predicts that individuals should make "rational" decisions. According to rational choice theory, decisions should be transitive, if you prefer A to B and B to C, you should not prefer C to A. Also, choices should be made independent of irrelevant alternatives.

Think of all the processing power each decision would take if we always made these rational decisions. The theory assumes that individuals have all information about all of their options, and can give each option an overall "value" based on their many attributes. Whoo! Not surprisingly, decision makers violate these assumptions of rational decision making all of the time, but maybe that's not such a bad thing...

For your viewing pleasure, a few of the many ways that individuals violate ration decision making.

 

Categorical perception of bird song

Just as humans learn languages, birds learn their songs. One reason scientists are so interested in studying bird song is because it can help us learn about human speech production. All of the complexity in producing bird songs assumes there is someone on the other end to receive the songs, and just as humans and birds share similarities in vocal learning, scientists are also finding that they share some interesting similarities in their perception of vocal communication.

Human brains do a lot of work to make sure that we perceive the world just so. This often means filtering, filling in, mashing, and twisting sensory information. We take advantage of the by-products and limitations of sensory perception with things like illusions. One such illusion is our categorizing of continuous sensory data. When things vary on a continuous scale, we tend to discriminate them in their own discrete categories. A well known auditory example in humans is the categorical perception between the sounds /ba/, /da/ and /ga/. The sounds vary continuously in the frequency at which the vocal tract vibrates to create the sound. However, when we hear this continuum, we group the the sounds into discrete categories of sounding like either /ba/, /da/ or /ga/ based when the vocal tract vibrates. Our minds perceive boundaries where there are none.

Oh cool - real data! Transitions from /ba/ to /da/ to /ga/ happen slowly, but we perceive that they happen suddenly.

Researchers at Duke University found out that similar to humans, birds use categorical perception when they perceive bird song. In this case, the length of certain notes in swamp sparrow song were categorized. When a New York population of swamp sparrows heard the notes, they responded differently if the note lasted less than 13 milliseconds than if it lasted more than 13 milliseconds. Thirteen milliseconds was the perceptual boundary between one type of song note and another.

Armed with the knowledge that birds perceive song notes categorically, the researchers wanted to know where in the brain categorical perception is encoded. They measured electrical impulses in different neurons in a region of the brain, the Higher Vocal Center (HVC), that is important in bird song learning, production and perception.

Bird brained - the HVC contains sensorimotor neurons that project to Area X and regulate song perception

The sensorimotor HVC neurons were sensitive to the note duration in a categorical manner. Different neurons responded to different notes depending on whether the notes were above or below that boundary in note duration. However, the researchers noticed something funny about what that boundary actually was. While the birds they measured from New York behaved differently if the note was shorter or longer than 13 ms, when they measured the brain, the categorical boundary was 20 ms! Now how could this be? The birds whose brains they measured were from a population in Pennsylvania. The researchers then measured the behavior of birds in PA, and they found that those birds behaved as if their categorical boundary was at 20 ms - matching the measurements from the brain. So, not only did they detect the neurons that encode categorical perception in the brain, but they found out that different populations have different boundaries for categorical perception.

By this point you are probably wondering why different populations would have different boundaries for categorical perception of note duration. You may even be wondering if it matches up to different lengths of note types in the songs from NY vs. PA birds, and you would be correct. The duration of note types change around 13 ms for NY birds, but change around 20 ms for PA birds.

Data from the study! Song note duration changes around 13 ms for NY birds (solid gray line) but changes areound 20 ms for PA birds (solid black line). These changes correspond pretty nicely to the behavioral and neural boundaries of categorical perception (dotted lines)

The fact that the perception of the categorical boundary matches up with the note duration suggests that the categorical perception is learned in the swamp sparrow. Human infants share common perceptual categorical boundaries, but as they learn a language, human perception of categorical boundaries changes to match the boundaries of the learned language. Only time and a lot more research will reveal if humans and birds learn boundaries of categorical perception in the same way. However, now we know that for birds, sensorimotor neurons in the HVC are the place to start looking.

Do you have categorical perception?

Prather, J. F., Nowicki, S., Anderson, R. C., Peters, S., & Mooney, R. (2009). Neural correlates of categorical perception in learned vocal communication. Nature neuroscience, 12(2), 221-228.